What are PFAS?

PFAS (Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are polymers that involve chains of Carbon and Fluorine, the two atoms that form the strongest bond in organic chemistry. PFAS are used in the production of many polymers and coatings, especially plastics and rubbers.

Why are they called “forever chemicals?”

The strong bonds of PFAS causes them to only break down under high heat. PFAS do not occur naturally and once they enter the water supply, they never fully decompose. Plastics in bodies of water just break into smaller microplastics and cycle through the water supply.

Common PFAS

Common Name PTFE PFOA PFOS PFA
Full Name Polytetrafluoroethylene Perfluorooctanoic acid Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid Perfluoroalkoxy alkane
Alias Teflon C8 none Teflon-PFA
Uses Teflon is primarily used as a non-stick coating for pans, pipes, and catheters. PFOA was used to produce PTFE, insulators, and hydraulic fluids. PFOS is used for metal-plating, fire-fighting foam, and fabric protectors. PFA has better non-stick, thermal, strength, and flow properties than Teflon and is used for piping, fittings, containment vessels, reactors, and scientific equipment. 
Status Teflon is generally safe to use, but it can break down and release toxic chemicals at high temperatures. PFOA was found to be highly toxic and was replaced by a compound called GenX. Unfortunately, GenX has recently been found to be even more toxic than PFOA. PFOS has been banned in California since 2020 and the EPA is currently developing national standards. PFA has been linked to many adverse health effects and will likely be banned in the future. 

What are the health effects of PFAS?

read more